Ratification of the Constitution Essay Example for Free

Ratification of the system EssayWhen the bran-new Constitution was proposed in the year 1787, many arguments a arise that opposed its ratification. When the framers of the Constitution met on the 17th of September that year, they asked each accede to call a special convention that would conceive into conside symmetryn the ratification of the new constitution. This was all for the conclusion of a new governance for the thirteen unify States of America. All of the major arguments that surfaced in opposition to the new constitution did have reason behind them, only if on that point were still many reasons to justify the ratification of the new Constitution that would create a new US disposal. At the eon, Americans felt that their loyalty to the call forth governments would keep them from ratifying the new Constitution. As spoken about in Document A, such a vast territory, as the 13 colonies were, cant be governed by one government only but need several small state gove rnments instead. If it were to be governed fully by one government it would no dubitably develop a dictatorship. And according to Document B, A very expensive territory cannot be governed on the principles of freedom, other then by a confederation of re generals, pose all the queens of internal government but united in the management of their widely distributed, and foreign concerns.This means that one government for all the 13 states would not be sufficient to the right way govern on the principles of freedom without help from a confederation of republics. Those who opposed the Constitution also fe ard the strong central government it would lift to create. In Document A, Patrick Henry said in his speech to the Virginia ratifying convention on June 9 of the year 1788, In the British government there are real balances and checks in this system there are only ideal balances. Till I am convinced that there are actual efficacious checks, I will not give my assent to its establis hment. By this, Henry meant that until the lines are clear that there are real balances and checks in this new system, he will not support the ratification of this new constitution. Document D shows George Clintons words In Opposition to Destruction of States Rights. Clinton has said The premises which the new wreak of government is erected, declares a consolidation or union of all thirteen parts, or states, into one great whole, under the firm of the United StatesHere he means that The result of one government over all nations will end as a house divided against itself. And in Document G, throng Madisonstates that the greater number of citizens and extent of territory which may be brought at bottom the compass of republican then of democratic government suck out the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a commons occasion to invade the rights of other citizens or if such a common moti vate exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to break dance their throw strength, and to act in unison with each other. Madison pointed out that a main central government over the thirteen states would not function straightlacedly if the states did not all share a common motive, and if they did, there would still be struggles in acting in unison together.These three main arguments that rose up in opposition to the new constitution that was proposed in 1787 all have fair reasoning behind them. The new government for the thirteen United States of America was meant to unify the country as a whole and set up a way for it to function as one nation. The framers of the Constitution all the way supported its ratification while the states debated whether or not to support it. When in July, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the constitution, the Federalists soon proposed a Bill of Rights to be added. After approved by the states, 10 of the 12 amendments be came the Bill of Rights and with this, the ratification of the Constitution was complete. The thirteen United States of America now had a new governmentDocument A showtime Patrick Henry, speech to the Virginia ratifying convention, June 9, 1788 I am persuaded of what the honorable gentleman says, that separate confederacies will ruin us. In my judgment, they are evils never to be thought of till a people are driven by necessity. When he asks my opinion of consolidation, of one major power to reign over America with a strong hand, I will tell him I am persuaded of the rectitude of my honorable friends opinion, (Mr. Mason,) that one government cannot reign over so extensive a country as this is, without absolute despotism.Compared to such a consolidation, small confederacies are little evils though they ought to be recurred to but in case of necessity.In the British government there are real balances and checks in this system there are only ideal balances. Till I am convinced that th ere are actual efficient checks, I will not give my assent to itsestablishment. The President and senators have nothing to lose. They have not that interest in the preservation of the government that the king and lords have in England. They will, therefore, be regardless of the interests of the people.Document BSource The Address and Reasons of Dissent of the Minority of the Convention of protoactinium to their Constituents, December 12, 1787 We dissent, first, because it is the opinion of the most celebrated writers on government, and confirmed experience, that a very extensive territory cannot be governed on the principles of freedom, otherwise than by a confederation of republics, possessing all the powers of internal government but united in the management of their general, and foreign concerns.The first consideration that this review suggests, is the omission of a metre of RIGHTS, ascertaining and fundamentally establishing those unalienable and personal rights of men, withou t the full, free, and secure enjoyment of which there can be no liberty, and over which it is not necessary for a good government to have the control.The principal of which are the rights of conscience, personal liberty by the clear and unequivocal establishment of the writ of habeas corpus, jury trial in criminal and obliging cases, by an impartial jury of the vicinage or county, with the common law proceedings, for the safety of the accused in criminal prosecutions, and the liberty of the press, that scourge of tyrants, and the grand bulwark of every other liberty and privilege the stipulations heretofore made in favor of them in the state constitutions, are entirely superceded by this constitution.Document CSource The Debates In the Convention of the State of New York, On the adoption of the Federal Constitution, June 17, 1788. He would now proceed to state his objections to the article just read, (section 2, of article 1, clause 3.) His objections were comprised under three hea ds 1st, the rule of apportionment is unjust 2d, there is no precise number fixed on, below which the house shall not be lessen 3d, it is inadequate. In the first place, the rule of apportionment of the representatives is to be according to the whole number of the white inhabitants, with three fifths of all others that is, in plain English, each state is to send representatives in proportion to the number of freemen, and three fifths of the slaves itcontains. He could not see any rule by which slaves were to be included in the ratio of representation.The principle of a representation being that every free agent should be concerned in governing himself, it was absurd in giving that power to a man who could not exercise it. Slaves have no will of their own. The very operation of it was to give certain privileges to those people who were so wicked as to keep slaves. He knew it would be admitted that this rule of apportionment was founded on unjust principles, but that it was the result of accommodation which, he supposed, we should be under the necessity of admitting, if we meant to be in union with the Southern States, though utterly repugnant to his feelings.Document DSource George Clinton, In Opposition to Destruction of States Rights The premises on which the new pains of government is erected, declares a consolidation or union of all thirteen parts, or states, into one great whole, under the firm of the United States tho whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United States, together with the variety of its climates, productions, and commerce, the difference of extent, and number of inhabitants in all the dissimilitude of interests, morals, and political relation in almost every one, will receive it as an intuitive truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity, for to these objects it must be directed this unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opponent and dissimilar in nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be like a house divided against itselfDocument ESource Brutus, New York Journal, January 10, 1788The power to raise armies, is indefinite and unlimited, and authorises the raising forces, as well in peace as in war. Whether the clause which impowers the Congress to pass all laws which are proper and necessary, to carry this into execution, will not authorise them to impress men for the army, is a question well worthy consideration? If the general legislature deem it for the general welfare to raise a body of troops, and they cannot be procured by voluntary enlistments, it seems evident, that it will beproper and necessary to effect it, that men be affect from the militia to make up the deficiency. Document FSource Noah Webster, An Examination into the Leading Pri nciples of the Constitution October 10, 1787 Congress likewise are to have the power to let for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, but have no other command of them, except when in actual service. Nor are they at liberty to call out the militia at pleasurebut only, to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrection, and repel invasions. For these purposes, government must always be armed with a military force, if the occasion should require it otherwise laws are nugatory, and life and property insecure.Document GSource James Madison, Federalist No. 10, November 22, 1787the greater number of citizens and extent of territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than of democratic government and it is this circumstance principally which renders factious combinations less to be dreaded in the former than in the latter. The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it the fewer the distinct parties a nd interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the equal party and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.Document HSource U.S. Congress, Preamble to the Bill of Rights, March 4, 1789 THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added And as extending the ground of public confidence in th eGovernment, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the next articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution viz. ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

Psychology References Essay Example for Free

Psychology References EssaySelect something you either strongly like or scorn (e.g., reading, competitive sports, flying, snakes, etc.). Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you1. Briefly describe your like or dislike (one to two (1-2) sentences). 2. give away the subfield (e.g., cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psychoanalytic psychology, etc.) you believe is best suited for providing psychological insight into your preference (the fact that you like or dislike the thing you do) and wherefore you believe it is so. 3. Discuss how biological bases of behavior (including sensation and perception) have contributed to your preference. 4. Analyze how engaging in or reacting to your preference (e.g., playing competitive sports or encountering a snake) affects your state of consciousness during that engagement. 5. Discuss the role that learning has had on the fact that you like or dislike the thing you described. Your assignment must follow these data forma t requirements Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for whatever additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are Distinguish between the major schools of thought in psychology. Discuss the biological factors that influence behavior. Describe the major theories of learning, memory, cognition, consciousness, development, and social psychology. Use technology and information resources to research issues in psychology. Write all the way and concisely about psychology using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer qua lity, logic/establishment of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

Design Of Wifi Based Tdma Protocol Information Technology Essay

Design Of Wifi Based Tdma Protocol Information Technology EssayTime atom multiple access is a multiple access method for sh atomic add up 18d the passage by dividing the signal into incompatible time slots. TDMA is successful works in cellular diligent parley for several years ago. Recently has been combined with OFDM to introduce OFDMA. TDMA as well en certain(predicate) fairness among nodes in the meshwork. In vehicular scenario, we proposed TDMA protocol to work with CSMA/CA to mitigate and cope with some of the challenges in vehicular parleys. In this chapter we go away discuss the plan of the protocol, connection messages, protocol descend and bodge intercommunication amidst the brisk TDMA sublayer with CSMA/CA and PHY layers. In section 3.2 a general explanation of proposed TDMA protocol, the design of Wi-Fi-based 802.11p is discussed in Section 3.3. In Section 3.4, executings of TDMA protocol in the simulation environment is presented. Simulation problems a nd writ of execution improvements is discussed in Section 3.5. The chapter summarization is given in Section 3.6.4.2. EXPLANATIONS OF TDMA PROTOCOLThe TDMA protocol is representing as a supplier client protocol, which hatchs the protocol is centralized. The other possibility is to secure a distributed or an ad hoc protocol as it is done in (Fan Yu, 2007) and (Katrin, 2009). We mean by centralized that the provider provide be the only one deals the information that has given in both channels. This does not mean that all communication is going to be only simplex (from the provider to the client), but sometimes is going to be bidirectional communication. The provider in our caseful here is the RSU (Road aspect Unit) and the client/station is OBUs (Onboard Units). Form now we may always use the term RSU to provider or centralized node and the OBU to client or mobile station.Here we need to implement frame of 10 ms, those frame consist of deuce main time slots, one of them for the cover and the assist one for the go or info channel, and both are utilise different duration. Why we chose value of 10 ms because this is currently employ in many TDMA implementations i.e. WIMAX.4.3. protrude OF WI-FI BASED TDMA PROTOCOLIEEE802.11 has two modes DCF and PCF. Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) relies on CSMA/CA distributed algorithm and an optional virtual carrier sense using RTS and CTS control frames (IEEE Std 802.11, 1999). If the channel is concern during the DIFS (DCF Interframe Space) interval, the station defers its transmission. Point Coordination Function (PCF) is used for infra grammatical construction mode, which provides quarrel-free frame transfer for processing time-critical information transfers (W. Wang, 2003). PCF is optional in the standard and only few vendors utilise it in their adapters. Two different periods delineate at PCF mode contention-free period (CFP) and contention Period (CP). CFP uses contention free-poll frames to g ive stations the permission to transmit. However, PCF has many drawbacks and limitations in long distance acts (i.e. up to tens of kilometers) this due to sensitivity of the acknowledgement (ACK) messages to propagation delay which is designed for contention-free local area networks purposes. Also, once a station reserves the access to the strong suit, it may occupy the medium for long time without any station can interrupt its transmissions even in the soaring precedency traffics case i.e. if the remote station has lower info rate due to the distance, then it pass on take long time to release the channel (Pravin, 2003).Consequently, it has been sh confess that (S. Sharma, 2002) (Sridhar, 2006) TDMA based mac is sui gameboard for long distance propagation delay. Most of the implemented answer for long distance Wi-Fi-based network was used WiMAX like TDMA frame for conducting the PMP scenario. However, using WiMAX/TDMA above Wi-Fi is increasing the system complexity and over head since the WiMAX/TDMA has been built for the licensed-based and Wi-Fi is built with unlicensed environment. In this research a design of TDMA over the 802.11 is presented. The function of the proposed TDMA is to disable the contention behavior of 802.11 (CSMA/CA) for contention-less macintosh. In this research a new cross layer design is introduced between CSMA/CA and new logical TDMA layer, which the Wi-Fi mack frame is encapsulated in a logical TDMA caput before forwarded to IP layer. The proposed protocol stack is shown in calculate4.1. The CSMA/CA peer-to-peer protocol is disabled and replaced with TDMA peer-to-peer protocol as shown with the dot-lines.Figure.4.1. Protocol prey of the TDMA-based PMPThe logical TDMA header is added between IP header and mack header. The function of the new header is to disable the random access feature of the CSMA/CA in 802.11 and replace it by logical TDMA function, which is maintains the synchronization of the local timers in the stat ions and delivers protocol related parameters. The frame is shown in Figure 4.2. The proposed TDMA header contains BCCH (broadcast control channel), FCCH (frame control channel) and RA (random access).BCCH contains general information i.e. timestamp through time_stamp_update(), SSID, BS-node capabilities and random access time interval ra_interval(). All this parameters (except the RA time interval) is prepared and copied from the beacon frame (using beacon_content()) from the Wi-Fi mack device driver. The BCCH information helps the APs in the sleep, wakeup, transmitting and receiving times.Figure.4.2. Additional TDMA header is added to Wi-Fi frameFCCH carries the information about the structure and format of the ongoing frame i.e. scheduler () and time_slot_builder() containing the exact berth of all slots and Tx/Rx times and reserve time between them and scheduling.RACH contains a name of random access channels (RCH). This field is uses when no schedule has been assign to the APs in the UL fields. Non-associated APs use RA for the low contact with an AP using slot_time_request(). The execute diagram of logical control and entropy channels is shown in Figure 4.3.Figure 4.3 the flow of the virtual channels for the TDMA frame,First, the RACH frame is receiving if there any connection request from APs to BS. Then, BCCH, FCCH and AGCH broadcast their information, then transmit and receive users payload. Timer is controlling all the genetical and received signals. Although, the new TDMA header is introduced at the cost of the performance due to the overhead, however, in the long distance applications with point-to-multiple-point infrastructure scenarios usually the numbers of stations are not too high compared with end-user part. In our scenario we consider 4 remote access points and one central access point (BS-node). By implementing TDMA_module() distributively APs would assigned with time slot within the TDMA frame. TDMA as well saves power because e ach STA only needs to wake-up during these time slots in each frame. If new node (AP) wants to join the network it listens to the BCCH frame to get the initial parameters from the BS-node. Then it uses the RA period to dispatch time_slot_request() request to the BS-node to request for time slot. The BS-node uses the FCCH field to update the new scheduling table in scheduler(). The TDMA_module() assigns time slots for APs by taking copy of the NAV (network allocation vector) information (NAV_update()) from the Wi-Fi macintosh layer and modifying it according to the schedule intrigue. NAV is considered as virtual carrier sleuthing which is limits the need for contention-based forcible carrier sensing. This is done by setting new back_off_counter() and NAV_new() in the TDMA_module() which indicates the amount of time that medium testament be reserved for each time slots. The BS-node set the NAV value to the frame length time plus any other required messages to complete the curre nt operation to make sure that no station (AP) will access the channel during the frame transmission. Other stations count down from the NAV to 0. When the NAV has nonzero value, the scheduler () circularize back to the Wi-Fi MAC that indication that the medium is busy before the NAV reaches 0, the back_off() and NAV_new() update the Wi-Fi MAC with the new NAV. The destination address (DA) and source address (SA) in the MAC frame header and in the SSID is change according to the new NAV and RR scheduling information. Figure4.4 shows illustrate the flow of the process in cross-layer concept, which is consisting of three layers TDMA source code, wireless driver and hardware abstraction layer (HAL). The cross layer is performed between wireless driver and the source code. HAL is different for each hardware platform. The procedure of this approach is in any case belowCore Module steer the WiFi_MAC_SAP to TDMA_MACPoint the MAC-TDMA_SAP to IPTDMA_module() //modify the NAV vector for vi rtual (fake) busy network busyIf NAV() not_equal_to_zero then //copy the NAV value to new place to use it for new AP Network_entryCopy CSMA/CA/NAV() to CSMA/CA/NAV_old()Copy TDMA()/NAV_new() to CSMA/CA/NAV() If NAV()=0 then // call NAV_update()TDMA/NAV_update()Set back-off counter()Send the NAV_new() to scheduler() Scheduler()//using round robin queue scheme Round_robin() //time_slot_builderTime_slot_builder()random_access()// See if there are any time slot requestIf time_slot_request()Time_slot()++ else traffic() //add the new TDMA header// send the broadcast control channel (BCCH)bcch()timestamp() ra_interval SSIDBS-node capacitance//for the RA using the resembling etiquettes used by contention period (CP) at the MAC levelfcch() slots_time_builder()Set frame_format()Slot_time_interval4.3.1 TDMA Protocol Flowchart In vehicular EnvironmentThe RSU sends the beacon frame periodically with the free slots available in the TDMA frame. The OBU scans for the RSU beacon. If more than one RSU respond, comparisons are do on their (received signal strength indicator) RSSIs and the outperform one is selected afterwards which the order of merits are applied on the other RSUs as get-go, second, etc candidates according to their RSSI signal strength. The OBU uses the beacon to synchronize its frame with the RSU after which the OBU sends the information in the free slots (in the coming uplink frame). A check is performed to find if the RSSI Figure.4.4. Implementation and incorporating TDMA in 802.11p protocol stack.OBU scan for the RSUs beam frameMore than oneBeacon frameAre receivedNoCompare the differentRSSIs and select thebest and thresholdYesSynchronization and clockExchange with RSUSend data in the free slotsIn the UL sub-frameRSSINo YesFigure4.5 TDMA Protocol FlowchartThe TDMA frame structure is shown in Figure4. 3. The TDMA frame encapsulates the 802.11 frames in the payload subsection. The frame is repeated periodically for either 20msec (which is the length of the frame). Each frame contains the beacon filed, i.e. the broadcast control channel (BCCH) which comprises timestamp, SSID, and BS-node capabilities. The frame besides contains the frame control channels which carries information on the structure and format of the ongoing frame, i.e. the slots scheduler which contains the exact position of all the slots and the Tx/Rx times and guard times. The GACH and the RACH are used for random access channel when the OBU needs to join the WBSS. The RACH is the channel that the OBUs use for association request. The GACH is the grant access channel that contains all the OBUs accepted for transmission in the next frame.The TDMA is using transmission opportunities (TXOPs) mechanism originally provided by the IEEE 802.11e to calculate the DL and UL time slots duration. The TXOP is a pre specify start time and a maximum duration for the station to access the medium. A RSU will set its own NAV to prevent its transmission during a TXOP that has bee n granted through the OBU (Figure4. 6). Rather than categorizing the data traffic based on the voice, the data and the video as in the 802.11e, the data traffic priority categories are based on the OBUs channel quality. The RSU gives high priority to vehicles with high speed to send more frames before it leaves the WBSS. The vehicle with the high channel fading will get more number of slots. Of course, this mechanism will introduce performance anomaly, however, we can use any of the solutions available in the literature for the performance anomaly (Tavanti, 2007) (IEEE P802.11p/D3.0,2007).DCD feedbackTDMADCF EDCAPMD and PLCPFigure4.6 Channel fading parameters feedback for vehicles transmission priority and TXOP setting.4.4. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TDMA PROTOCOL IN THE SIMULATION ENVIRONMENTIn the previous section, we theoretically discover the main characteristics of the protocol which we want to design. This section explains how we implemented the mentations of this thesis by the mod ification Code of C++ in the Network Simulation. Although the protocol that we want to design is basically a protocol of MAC, we have to put in mind that is not only changes to be made in the MAC layer will be done. We will also have to deal with the physical and application layer.From the point of view of the provider of MAC layer is the one which is trustworthy to distribute the various types of packages (from aid and control channel). In fact, the MAC layer in the side of the provider is the one which carries the multiplexing of TDMA between the two channels (and also between various services to the interior of the channel of the service). The application, in this case, will produce the packages which will be presented in each channel.From the point of view of the client layers, MAC and application are simple. The MAC layer basically responsible to send to application the packages which the client wants to receive (packages which belong to the channel or from desire service) o r throwing the packages that not requested by the client (packets from a broadcast or unicast service the client is not interested in). The application layer will be the one that which produces the packages of the request from clients to send to the provider when they are interested by a service unicast.Well as we described in detail the characteristics of the MAC protocol designed earlier, we may carry out this idea described theirs corresponds to the last version of our protocol, to reach this execution that we programmed and examined before simple versions, the changes of the force and improvements made between the versions are related to the comment of the various services offered in the section of channel serviceThe first version only considered a unidirectional communication between provider and client. The reason was that we only define broadcast services in the service channel.A second version consisted in delineate unicast services and hence introducing a bidirectional co mmunication between provider and client. This new version was more complex than the previous one so we determined to divide the application we had until now (called pbc3) into two sides the application in the provider side (pbc3) and the application in the client side (pbc3Sink). This idea of defining two sides of an application or protocol layer (to simplify its implementation) is already used in other applications or protocol layers included in the simulator as TCP.The troika and last version consisted in implementing the algorithm which handles the access of more than one client to the same unicast service. This was not considered in version two.When we are programming our MAC protocol, several problems raised, which are not only in our side, but also of the limitations or the restrictions of the Network Simulation. Well, in the next section4.5 we describe and explained all, it is worth to mention a principal limitation in so much it deeply influenced the execution of our proto col. The limitation comes like more parallel flow of the data in the same node started to appear (the node can be client or provider). In our case we decided to have only one provider, this provider will produce the data of both services. This means that the provider will have more application to the function in parallel and more file see in the MAC layer (see Figure 3.2), each one associated to a different data flow. That is the reason why we are interested in parallelizing.The problem is, in so far as we know, installing parallel flows in same node is not a task easy to make in the simulator. The most common solution is composed to use nodes as parallel flows as much of an idea used when a protocol stack is defined on the two aircraft or more (like the plan of the data and management represented on Figure 2.3). This is Explained in (GMPLS, 2006), or when we wish to have a node of multi-interface, in (NS2 Notebook).The idea is if we cannot have more than one application function i n parallel in the same node, what would be the possible solution? The answer to that, like also accentuated in section4.5, is to have only one application to function in the provider, which produces various types of packages according to the time execution. This approximation also solves the problem to have more than one queue (in parallel) in the MAC layer. We will not need various queues to store various packages due to these packages aim at the MAC layer already in the order they must be sent. This solution simplifies the definition of the MAC layer but made the definition of the application layer to be more complex.Although the solution taken could seem rudimentary the fact is that the difference between the theoretical solution and rectifies is not also large particularly when to deal that what we want with once examine with the protocol is implemented.After the mention and explanation of this problem we can now specify how the protocol was made. We will start to explain how application is defined in all both, client and provider. Both sides application have two principal functions one is responsible for creation and sending of the packages to the lower layers and the other is responsible to receive the packages of the lower layer.The application in the side of the provider calls the pbc3 and has two principal functions one for send and other for receive frame. While sending the frame we basically have to create a package (by defining its title) and send it. The provider will send various types of packages according to the execution time. Basically we will have two types of packages the packages of management in the control channel of inspection mark and the packages of the data in the excavation of service of the channel timeslot. These packages will have various headers. In case of the packages of the zones information of the header are as in Figure 4.7 face expediency_id Time_slot seqNum lastPacket node_id Send_time PayloadFigure 4.7 Fields of the application header for data frames.Service_id Field used by the provider to indicate the service whose payload is included in the frame.Time_slot Field that shows the subtime slot when the service is offered.SeqNum Sequence number of the packet sent. Nowadays is only used in data packets which belong to unicast services, it is used by the provider when more than one client want to receive the same private information.LastPacket This field is related to seqNum. It is used to indicate that the packet sent is the last one.In case of management frames the header is defined by the following fields in Figure 4.8.Type Services_ Num_services node_id Send_time PayloadInformationFigure4.8. Fields of the application header for management frames.services_information It is only used in management frames. It is a vector which contains the basic information about the services offered by the provider. This basic information is defined by three fields the first field is the identifier of the service , the second field is the subtimeslot identifier and the third field is the type of the service (as we said already before the type of the service means if the service is broadcast or if it is unicast). These three fields must be defined for each service available in the provider, the Figure 4.9 shows that.Service 1 Time Slot where Type of Service 1 Service 2 Time Slot when Type of service 2Identifier Service 1 is offered Identifier Service 2 is offeredFigure 4.9 Example of the services_information buffer when two services offered.Although in our implementation the identifier of the service and the identifier of the timeslot is the same (which means the service whose identifier is the number one will be offered in the subtime slot number one), we decided to define two variables because they would have different values in future tense versions of the protocol.Num_services place used to indicate the total number of services which are going to be offered by the provider during the se rvice channel timeslot.Once we have explained how our application works in both sides (provider and client) we must explain the main changes done in the MAC layer. When we download the NS2.33 version there was already included an implementation of IEEE802.11a protocol. We didnt want to make use of this code because it was totally oriented to guaranty the CSMA/CA with virtual carries sense mechanism, we are not interested in. there was also simple TDMA implementation included. We decided to adapt into our requirements. We basically had to change the definition of the TDMA frame and to set up both data and management MAC headers. In contrast to the application layer there are no variables defended to make use of the MAC layer through the Tcl script.If we concentrate on the physical layer, we will see that in our version of Network Simulation NS2, there were already two physical layers for wireless communications applied the first one called the wirelessPHY and the second one called Wi relessPhyExt. We are interested to use this last version of the physical channel basically it presented an important concept for us it supports multiple arrangements of the modulation. WirelessPhyExt leaves the function with BPSK, QPSK, QAM16 and QAM64 as it is described in (Qi Chen, 2008). The modulation influences certain important characteristics such as the rate of header information and minimum sensitivity of the receiver, according to the indications the Figure 3.3 of, and whence the period of the data of transmission and SINR necessary to receive it and to decode it. The only problem is that this new version of the wireless channel must be used together with an extension of the MAC layer called Mac802_11Ext. We were not interested in using that one for the same reason we were not interested in using the Mac802_11 version and for that we decided to introduce the multiple modulation schemes in the WirelessPhy layer.another(prenominal) important point when working low layers of the WAVE protocol stack is to think about how the channel is modelled in NS2. there are four different types of channel propagation defined and include in NS2.33, The free space model, the Two-Ray base reflection model, the Shadowing model and the Nakagami model. The first three models are well described in (The NS manual, 2008).4.5 SIMULATION PROBLEMS AND IMPLIMENTATION IMPROVEMENTSHere we explained the reason for which we are interested to direct the technology of TDMA in the V2I communications and the process followed to define and apply our protocol. By creating a new protocol, sometimes it is not possible to design the theoretical idea that we had because of some limitations presented by the simulator. It is also possible that our execution could be improved at the points given. We must realize that although the protocol seems to be complex sometimes, many improvements could be made to obtain the best and more specific results.The idea of this section is just to explain the main problems found when elaborating our protocol and to suggest some future improvements.If we refer first to the problems found when we were working we must clarify that most of them are not really problems (in the sense of bugs found when executing the protocol) but limitations the simulator has which do not allow us to define the protocol as we wanted to. There are three main limitations we want to point outThe first is already mentioned in the previous section. The problem is related to the parallel data flows in a node. We were interested by this fact of being able not only to have more application to the function in parallel in the same node (as explained in the section 4.4) but to also define the two planes of protocol, data and planes of management, in the same node (that we can see Figure 2.3) although this last idea was thrown it required of much work to make.In section 4.4 we adopted easy and the fast solution which does not have affected the results obtained. But there is other solutions, simplest is composed to define nodes as many, in the code of TCL, as data flows we need and link these nodes through a router. To explain it easily we will have one node per each data queue (see Figure 3.3) and one router that handle the information from each node. This solution is based in the actual implementation of the Diffserv queues in the NS (Definition of physical queues) where virtual and physical queues are used (Implementing multiqueue). In our case we will need at least two nodes one for the data of the control channel and the other for the data of the service channel, in case only one service is offered. We must realize this solution involves changes in the Tcl code which leads to a simple C++ implementation.Another solution, which could be considered as an improvement is to have only one application running on the provider that generates different types of packets but instead of doing it as a function of the execution time, it could generate them r andomly and give the work of organize them to the link layer. In this case we will need to define an algorithm in charge of finding the desired packets in the unique queue that exists in the link layer and sending them in the correct order to the MAC layer.There is a third solution which allows having an implementation closer to the one specified in the standards ((IEEE 802.11, 2007) and (Implementing multiqueue)). The idea consists of adapting the definition of the queue done nowadays in the implementation 802.11e standard which is included in the simulator. As we can see in (Design and verification, 2003) this implementation requires changes in the definition of the class queue which allows having multiples queues by creating them in an roam (Evaluation of IEEE 802.11e). The source code of this new type of queue can be found in (Evaluation of IEEE 802.11e).The second limitation is related to the synchronization of the nodes. Those nodes can be an OBU or a RSU. The NS is a simulat or based in events controlled by timers. The fact is, as it is pointed out in IEEE 1609.4 standard in (Yunpeng, 2007) all the nodes require to be synchronized before communication. The synchronization is especially important when using TDMA technology and it is a process which will be carried on when any OBU enters in the communication area of a new RSU in a centralized system. The fact is that in the NS tool all the nodes implemented (in the Tcl code) have the same time base of operations which means they do not need any synchronization because they are already synchronized.If we are interested in defining the synchronization process we should first desynchronize the nodes by manipulating their timers. In our case we will consider the RSU time basis to be the one the other nodes must to synchronize on. Each OBU will have to follow a synchronization process before receiving data frames from the RSU. The idea could be the following the first time an OBU receives frames from a new RS U it gets the timestamp of the RSU and, after adding the delay produced by the propagation of the frame to this timestamp, adjusts its timers. Calculate the delay or time difference between the RSU and the OBU is not complicated. The only idea which does not seem clear is how to set up different time basis in the nodes.The third and last limitation is related to the anti-collisions mechanism used in the MAC layer mainly based in CSMA/CA algorithm. We detected the problem when executing our code we found there were collisions between request frames when a considered number of OBUs were interested in receiving information about the same unicast service. Those collisions should not take place if we keep in mind each node is supposed to be able of sense the medium to see whether it is busy before sending any kind of frame.Why this type of collisions is produced? As we explained earlier, it is necessary to present intervals of guard to the end of each time slit to avoid collisions betwee n the reinforcements produced by various devices (OBUs and RSU in our case) but in this case the collisions due are produced to different OBUs send braces of request really narrowly in time and, because of them cannot detect if the medium is with vacuum or not, a collision is produced and detected by the RSU.When working with the NS tool we are not able to do all the things we want to, not only because of some restrictions or limitations the tool has (as we explained before) but also because of time we did not implement all the ideas which came to our mind and we must simplify and focus our work. Because of this lack of time there exist a lot of points in our protocol which could be improved. Some of these points are explained in the following paragraphs.If we focus in the implementation of the control channel the most important improvement which could be done is to introduce critical frames and implement the process each node has to follow when receiving those frames. Introducing t hose types of frames will be really interesting because we can see how to handle both types of information (critical and no critical) and we would make a better use of the control channel than we do in our actual implementation.If we pay attention to the service channel there are some things which could be improved, the ideas are summarized in the following pointsIn the actual implementation there is not any prioritization between nodes, which means when two or more nodes want to receive the same information (which is unicast) the first who ask for it is the first which receives the data. One possibility is to define the priority as a function of the position of each OBU with respect to the RSU. It sounds coherent to give higher priority to the nodes that are closer to the RSU because of their small latency (time necessary to consume a service). Basically the latency is smaller because the propagation time (one of the terms

Up from Slavery Booker T. Washington, Summary

Up from Slavery booker T. upper-case letter, SummaryThe book Up from Slavery, is about a nine-year-old hard thrower named booking agent T. Washington who lived on a plantation in Virginia.booking agent T. Washington describes his childhood as a slave as well as the hard work it took to get an education. Booker T. Washington shares details of the changes he went through from a student to teacher.He too outlines his experience as an educator and how helped with the development and opening of the Tuskegee install in Alabama. Booker T. describes the progress of when Tuskegee started having classes small shacks to now having classes in new buildings. The last chapter, describes Booker T. career as a public speaker and civil rights activist. Booker T. mention the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 which do him well known nationwide. He ends his fib with several acknowledgments he had received for his work which includes an honorary degree from Harvard.In ad dition to, there were two significant people who made a construe to Tuskegee, President McKinley and General Samuel C. Armstrong.Booker T. was a nationwide leader for the development of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South. He pushed for the economic and industrial improvement of Blacks while service Whites with voting rights and social equality. His mother was the plantation cook where they lived. It did not stupefy glass windows and the doors barely hung on uneven hinges. There were large cracks in the walls that allow in cold air in the winter and humidity in the summer. The floor was the stripped to the ground. Booker T. had no reminiscence of playing games or sports. He regretted it because he believed he would have been a more useful man if he had. However, because he was a slave he dedicated his life to work. He cleaned yards, carried water, and took corn to the mill. Moving corn to the mills was the hardest jobs he had ever done. tour at work, Booker T. hea rd two men chatting about a schooltime for African Americans people which would be opening in Virginia. Booker T. pecked that not only was the institute famous, but openings were offered to help c all over the cost of means and board and the students would be taught a trade. Booker T. felt like this could be a great chance. He was fixed on going to the Hampton Normal and clownish Institute in Virginia. Booker T. left the salt mines to get a job at the General Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines. He valued to continue to imprint cash. General Lewis wife was a very strict boss. A lot of young men had quit or had got fired because they didnt meet her values.Booker T. would paseo around all night and beg for a ride until he had reached 82 miles to Hampton. He did not have any money to pay for a place to sleep so he walked around the city of Richmond until he found a place to sleep.Booker T. had saved enough money to reach Hampton. He believed he had a surplus of 50 cents. Whe n he reached Hampton, he was impressed by the beauty of the school building. He believed that his life would have new meaning. He stood before the head teacher hoping to enroll but he didnt make a satisfactory impression on her. His clothes were grime and his appearance was rough. The teachers at Hampton helped to provided Booker T. with fresh clothing because the institute had strict rules. All students attending had to have clean clothes and shiny shoes. Booker T. was too given an extra set of clothing that was sent in barrels from up North.Booker T. slept in a bed for the first time that had sheets on them.He was unaccustomed to sleeping on sheets for the first several nights. After watching the other boys for a while, he picked up on how to make his bed. Booker T. was one of the youngest adolescent boys in the school but that didnt stop his determination. Even as Booker T. attended school at Hampton Institute, he learned a significant lesson about education that would be with him for a long time.One of the lessons was being clean was a vital part of a persons self-confidence. He also learned that even though if a person had an education, it did not put them directly above blue-collar labor. Booker T. believed education should be well travel and that a people should learn to enjoy labor. He also learned to be more independent and valuable to others in his surroundings.In addition to, Booker T. thought that people should not be selfless but lead by example. Booker T. Washington later take all his left lessons to the Tuskegee Institute where he became a principal.In the month of May, 1881, General Armstrong accepted a proposal from a group of philanthropists who recommended that the principal for the new school be an African American in the little town of Alabama which would be called Tuskegee. At the time of the request, people assumed that there would not be an African American man that would qualify for the position. Nevertheless, to the shock of the f ounders of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington was recommended for the position where he would be accepted at the school. Shortly after Booker T. Washington made it to Tuskegee, the founders and Booker T. agreed that the school would open on July 4, 1881, Independence Day. Booker T. thought the goal of the Tuskegee Institute would be the source for people who could work hard, learn a skill, and make a living. He also thought people should learn the meaning of hygiene and religion. Booker T. wanted the graduates to go all over the country and be a model to all they met.Reading, writing and arithmetic was taught. But a greater value was placed on the skills and everyday living. Booker T. hope students would know that working as a laborer was not an embarrassment. As a part of all the students training, they were expected to do all the work at the institute.In 1893, Booker T. Washington married his third wife, Miss Margaret James Murray, who had graduate of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.Portia his daughter was a dressmaker. She had a passion for music. Portia later was hired as an instructor at Tuskegee. His son Booker T., Jr. learned the brick masons trade. He wanted to become an architect one day.Ernest, the youngest son wanted to be a doctor. He decided to gain experience in a doctors office. His biggest guilt was he couldnt spend more time with his family.Twenty years later, the Tuskegee Institute has incorporated a lot of land built by the student. All the manufacturing departments demonstrated skills that permitted students to get careers once they graduated at the institute. Washington died in 1915 as one of the most popular black men in the world. Booker T. had dinners with the President of the United States, as well as dining with kingly families in Europe. Washington was an intellectual man who tried to do the best for African Americans. He wanted to have an education that would allow them to live high-minded lives. A number of bla ck leaders in America today, such as Alan Keys, hope to go back to Washingtons structure of educating the head, hand, and the heart. The Tuskegee Institute has improved since Washingtons time. While the school was built to help African Americans to learn a skill, it now supports students to earn a college degree. Washingtons assessment on integration consisted of living by example. Washington felt if black people could demonstrate white people they could act sophisticated and be an asset to the community, all the races would finally get along. Washington felt like the government could make people like one another by making it legal. Washington believed African Americans had to prove themselves as equals.

Sleep Disorders and their Effects

Sleep Disorders and their EffectsSleep disorders argon health check disorders where the calmness patterns of a person is disrupted. A french scientist, Henri Pieron wrote a book entitled Le problem physiologique du sommeil which first examined snooze from a physiological perspective. Then, Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman also known as Father of Ameri advise slumber research questioned the regulation of eternal rest and wake and of circadian rhythms. His work delved into studies of stillness deprivation. Soon after, Kleitman and his student, Dr. Eugene Aserinsky discovered rapid eye movement ( paradoxical sleep) during sleep. Dr. Kleitmans research was further all-embracing by an other(a) one of his students, Dr. Willaim C. Dement who discovered the connection between REM sleep and dreaming.Sleep disorders effect a persons sleep cycle which gage be lifespan disrupting where it disturbs a persons social and psychological state. These disorders vary from more common disorders such as snoring to life threatening disorders such as narcolepsy. on that point argon three broad classifications of sleep disorders dyssomnias, parasomnias and medical-psychiatric sleep disorders. Dyssomnias are disorders which involve excessive sleepiness and are associated with disturbed sleep. Disorders such as primary insomnia, narcolepsy, clogging sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome are disorders categorized under dyssomnias. Parasomnias are disorders which involve unwanted physical phenomena which turn over during sleep and generally are disorders or arousal, partial arousal, and sleep stage transitions. Disorders such as sleepwalk, night terrors and rhythmic movement disorders are examples of parasomnias. Medical-psychiatric sleep disorders are relations between psychiatric and sleep disorders. People who suffer from depression tend to wake up early and are unable to fall back asleep. This makes their depression worsened as the add up of sleep effects ones illness. Likewise , treatment and medication used in psychiatric disorders can cause sleep disorders such as insomnia.There are some(prenominal) types of sleep disorders which vary between the three broad classifications of sleep disorders. Here are a few brief descriptions on some more unremarkably known sleep disorders. Insomnia is the condition where one finds it difficult to fall asleep whether it may be in the beginning of the night, after waking up in the middle of the night or waking up much earlier in the morning. This will cause lack of sleep which will bring near complaints of non-restorative sleep, sleepiness during the day or fatigue. Sleep apnea is where one has difficulty breathing and sometimes stops breathing over a period of time era sleeping. This condition can range from 10 pauses per hour to 30 pauses per hour. Loud snoring, daytime sleepiness and tiredness are common effects of sleep apnea and well-nigh mint complain of hypersomnulence and loud snoring to the extent where i t can be heard from outside of the house. Narcolepsy is another disorder of excessive sleepiness and hypersomnulence which is associated with cataplexy and other REM phenomena. A person suffering from narcolepsy may just fall asleep instantly without their own awareness. Such a disorder can be precise life threatening as falling asleep in certain conditions like behind the wheel can prove to be bootleg. Night terrors are severe and frightening partial arousal from sleep. Most peck scream and cry while showing fear and anxiety.When experiencing sleep disorders, it is vital to seek medical treatment to cure this condition. Most doctors recommend sleep clinics for diagnosis of the sleep problem. The doctor will study ones history, lifestyle and habits before diagnosing ones condition. Generally, sleep disorders can be treated by self-care regimes such as the Good sleep hygiene regime. This habit advices that one should stick to a regular bedtime schedule, void napping during the da y, avoid substances which contain caffeine, alcohol and nicotine and also sleeping in a surrounding where it is dark, comfortable and relaxing.Dead man walking SomnambulismEver heard of incompatibility stories where someone wakes up in the middle of the night, walks up to someone else or something else and acts out or mumbles? More often than not, these cases are mistaken for some fey happening. The more skeptical group of people believes that this was caused because that someone was possessed. The punch line for this whole situation is that there is a perfectly reasonable scientific definition where this whole phenomenon is truly a sleep disorder Somnambulism. Somnambulism is defined as a series of complex behaviors which arise during slow wave sleep (REM) and result in walking during sleep. This condition is also referred to as somnambulism.Somnambulism or a more common term, sleepwalk, occurs mostly in children but there are cases which can last to adulthood. When the cham pion has trouble with the transition from non-REM to REM sleep, sleepwalking occurs. The hypothalamus in the brain controls the sleep-wake cycle of the body. When one sleeps, the hypothalamus blocks a part of the brain so that it does not perform any action and blocks off certain nerves that brings impulses to the brain while sleeping. During REM, our body has a mechanism which keeps us even so we do not act out our dreams. When this feature is missing, people experience REM sleep behavior disorders which include sleepwalking.There are umteen elements which can go forth to sleepwalking. Most of these factors are categorized into three main factors genetics, medical conditions and environmental factors. Genetics plays a vital role in ones sleepwalking condition. When a person is diagnosed with sleepwalking, it is a possibility that they have inherited that specific gene. If there is a family member with that abnormality, it is ten times the chances of that person inheriting the sl eepwalking disorder. Identical twins also have a higher chance in becoming somnambulists. There are also many medical conditions which lead to sleep walking. Conditions such as fevers which directly impact the nervous system, nighttime asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, night time seizures and psychiatric disorders have a capital impact towards sleepwalking. Adults with psychiatric disorders often consume drugs like anti-seizure medicines and stimulants which cause sleepwalking. A persons environmental surroundings can also induce sleepwalking. When someone experiences hormonal changes induce by pregnancy, menstruation or puberty it can lead to sleepwalking. Also, sleep deprivation, alcohol intoxication and unusual sleep schedules bring intimately the said disorder.So, what actually happens when one sleepwalks? In some cases, the sleepwalker sits up from their laid position. Some cases have the sleepwalkers run from their beds. The sleepwalkers actions vary depending on the type of dream. If someone is dreaming about being chased by a hungry wild animal, that someone is more likely to run as fast as they can. One can only imagine the outcome when a sleepwalker is dreaming about using the bathroom. While sleepwalking, the sleepwalkers eyes can be open or disagreeable and appear glassy. Even though their eyes are open, their vision is not permitted as they are still in a state of sleep. Most people stereotype sleepwalkers to have their hands propelled out as if they were zombies and their eyes rolled back. In actual fact, these sleepwalkers perform daily life tasks. Some may prepare meals and some have ended up behind the car wheel. Lucky for them, they couldnt find the car keys. It is not advised to awaken a sleepwalker as it is possible for them to go into a state of shock. After all, they are not controlling their actions at this moment in time. As soon as the sleepwalker wakes up from their dream, they experience amnesia where they cannot recall what they did previously when sleepwalking. The danger of sleepwalking can not only affect the sleepwalker but also the people around them. There have been over 20 cases where people have performed murders while sleepwalking. Also, many sexual assault and rape cases have been related to sleep walking. It is hard to justify these cases as most of it is performed when the person is not conscious of their actions.Sleepwalking is a serious sleep disorder and has to be resolved as soon as its diagnosed. Of course the best solution is prevention. In order to prevent sleepwalking, one should get adequate sleep. Never allow yourself to experience sleep debt. One should also cultivate a stress-less lifestyle. Meditation and residuum exercises help provide a tranquil and serene sense of thought. However, if one has already succumbed to the sleepwalking disorder, there are many solutions to resolve this problem. Medication is a common treatment for sleepwalking. Medications are necessary if sleepwalke r is at risk of injury, causes disruption to the family household, and other treatment option are not effective. Other treatment options are non-drug based and are preferred treatment for a long term. Anticipatory awakenings are when the patient is woken up approximately 15-20 minutes before the anticipated attack and is kept awake through the time of the attack. Relaxation and mental imagery are more natural techniques and can be very effective if it is carried out by an experienced behavioral therapist or hypnotist. Hypnosis also helps reduce sleepwalking. In order to protect the sleepwalker from the risk of injury, a safe environment should be preserved where it is free from harmful objects. Also, the doors and windows should be locked and an alarm bell should be installed at the door of the sleepwalkers bedroom. This is to alarm the family when the sleepwalker is on the move.ConclusionSleep disorders are a medical condition where the sleep pattern is disrupted. Most disorders oc cur when there is a dysfunction with the REM sleep. Sleep disorders are categorized into three broad classifications which are dyssomnias, parasomnias and medical-psychiatric sleep disorders. Dyssomnias disorders involve excessive sleep, parasomnias involve undesirable physical phenomena and medical-psychiatric sleep is correlated where the psychiatric conditions of a person effects the sleep conditions and vice versa. Most sleep disorders can affect ones daily life whether it may be the person experiencing the sleep disorder or the person around them. Sleep disorders vary from mild conditions such as bruxism to dangerous, life-threatening conditions such as sleep apnea. It is vital for people who suffer from sleep disorders to seek medical help in order to contain this condition from getting worse whether it may be from medication or just adapting a healthy lifestyle. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) is when a person gets up and walks about during the deep sleep stages. A person experie ncing sleepwalking is acting out a dream or a vision in their heads. The sleepwalker does not realize they are sleepwalking and after each episode they experience a mild case of amnesia. The sleepwalking syndrome is usually caused by three main factors which are genetics, medical conditions and environmental surroundings. A sleepwalker experiences episodes where they wake up in the most unlikely places and in some cases end up in embarrassing situations. When sleepwalking, one does not realize their actions and are in no control of it. Some sleepwalking cases can be very dangerous as they attempt things which are fatal when the conscious mind is not at play. In order to end accidents by sleepwalking, this disorder needs to be treated. Methods such as medication, anticipation awakenings, relaxation and mental imagery are effective when treating sleepwalking.

Drinking Alcohol Essay example -- Papers

Drinking AlcoholAlcohol can and does kill millions of throng. It can effect your read/write head and make you shake, lose all your senses, and kill off your brain cells. It in like manner can cause your liver to deteriorate and not function properly. Liver transplants be nasty to come by and do not happen often, if your liver goes out you do not have numerous chances of living much longer. You could also choke on your puke and die. Drinking too much alcohol can kill you, but millions of people consume mass amounts daily.College students drink and caller a great amount. The average student drinks at least three nights a week and that is the weekend. Most sororities and fraternities encourage drinking. The fraternities make their pledges drink and the kids love it. It makes them loose up and have a good time meeting new people. Drinking is also a good way for students who do not accredit anybody to meet new people and feel more than comfortable when they go into an unfamiliar place with a lot of strangers around. When someone is drunk they feel more comfortable and able to talk to random people they do not know and have a good time. Once someone becomes familiar with plastered people or just being drunk around strangers, it becomes a habit and that is when school work firsts to not be important anymore. Students who drink setoff to stop attending classes because they atomic number 18 hung-over, tired because they did not go to bed, or just do not feel like going because they would like to start drinking again. There are those who can drink every night of the week and still go to class, do their homework, and keep their grades up. Those who can do that are very rare and end up eventually stop being able to do it anymore and fail out of school. It is not very hard for... ...time where there was a lot going on and had many opportunities to drink. I am going to settle down for a while and become a book worm. I have on midterm this week on two next tues day so it is time to focus on my work.Alcohol is something that many people consume. Some can handle it, and others do not know how to take care it and it controls them. I know that I drink, but I know that it give not become a habit and I have it under control. I feel bad for people who are alcoholics and can not control their drinking. The worst is an alcoholic who does not think they have a problem. I just wish those who did drink could sit down have a braces and be happy. A lot of people get drunk and violent. I have friends who have broken many things and hurt a lot of people just because they were drunk and everyone let it go because of it. Alcohol can be fun when it is used wisely.

The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning Essay -- Argumentative Persu

The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning On an unremarkable afternoon in July of 1996, in an unremarkable shed in Scotland, a give birth was born. This lamb was to spark a controversy that would be one of the defining arguments of this era. This lamb, simply named bird (after dame Parton in reference to the mammary cell used as the donor), was the first clone to be born using specialized cells from an adult mammal. The fact that the lamb was cloned from these specialized cells - such as muscle cells, liver cells, or mammary cells - is what made this discovery of such importance. Before this, scientists had thought that these cells had lost their ability to stir into a new embryo. They had already cloned embryos, but this revelation meant that a clone could be produced from an adult subject. At first, one would think that little benefit could be derived from such a discovery, beyond the novelty of being able to make an exact copy of ones self, but scientists soon theorized ma ny benefits that could result from such a procedure. A more hom ogeneous control group for use in science experiments involving animals would be an obvious example. A completely similar group of animals is extremely ticklish if not impossible to accomplish without the use of cloning. The current research being conducted on aging would benefit greatly from this application of cloning. The medical field could too be helped by cloning. Cells from a cloned embryo could be used to treat such illnesses as Parkinsons Disease and muscular dystrophy. Also, entire variety meat could be grown to replace failing ones, thus entirely eliminating t he long wait for a matching donor. This would also eliminate the harvesting of organs from the prisoners... ...fin, Dr. Harry. Cloning and Genetic Modification A Brief History of Nuclear Transfer. Roslin Institute Online. Online. 11 Dec. 1997. Herbert, Wray, Jeffery L. Sheler, and Traci Watson. The world After Cloning A Readers Guide to What Doll y Hath Wrought. U.S. News and World Report 10 Mar. 1997 59-63. Kolata, Gina. Clone The Road to Dolley and the Path Ahead. New York, William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1998. Macklin, Ruth. Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No. U.S. News and World Report 10 Mar. 1997 64. Mario, Christopher. A Spark of Science, a Storm of Contoversy. U.S. 1 Newspaper 5 Mar. 1998. PrincetonInfo.com. Online. 9 Mar. 1998. Papal Panel Condemns Cloning, Warns of Genetic Research Dangers. flim-flam News. Online. 3 Mar. 1998. Shapiro, Harold T. Ethical and Policy Issues of Human Cloning. Email to the author. 10 March 1998.